铁血王国·官亓僚建国(第十章)·言论【节选】
【英】克里斯托弗·克拉克
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哈登堡没能意识到语言本身无法被统亓一。他呼亓吁“代亓表人”机制,并且认为“代亓表人”应当俯首甘为孺子牛,在首都与各州之间传递有效的信息与思想,但是其他人却将这一人物理解成了维护各州集体利益的角色,或者以为哈登堡呼亓吁的是议会制或君主立亓宪制。哈登堡倡议的“共同参与”本意指民众参与制亓度的完善增补与商讨,而他人却借用此词意指民众参与法案的共同决策以及督查政亓府的权亓利。哈登堡脑中的“国亓家”一词囊括的是所有在普鲁士国境内有政亓治觉亓悟的人群,但他人心中的“国亓家”一词却泛指了整个德意志国亓家,前者与后者的利益、命运并非完全重合。普鲁士改良时期之初看似前程似锦,最后却收获颇微,上述内容或为此中原因之一。饱受非议的米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫也可以和哈登堡做一下对比。戈尔巴乔夫力求改良与政亓治公开透亓明化(glasnost),但并非意指革亓命性的国亓家形态转变。和哈登堡一样,戈尔巴乔夫力图使国亓家体亓制适应当下的社亓会需求。虽然二者在当时的改良成果颇微,但我们也不能以偏概全地否认他们对后世的变革的影响。
What Hardenberg overlooked was that words have a life of their own. When he said ‘representation’, he had in mind compliant and virtuous bodies of worthies conveying information and ideas between the province and metropolis, but others were thinking of corporate interests, or of parliaments and constitutional monarchy. When he said ‘participation’, he meant co-option and consultation, but others meant co-determination and the power to check government. When he said ‘nation’, he meant the politically conscious people of Prussia, but others were thinking of a wider German nation, whose interests and fate were not necessarily identical with those of Prussia. This is one of the reasons why the reform era seems at once so rich in promise and so poor in achievements. There are parallels here with another beleaguered historical figure, Mikhail Gorbachev. Gorbachev was a man of reform and transparency (glasnost), not of revolutionary transformation. His aim, and Hardenberg’s. was to adjust the state system to the needs of the present. But it would be churlish to deny either man his part in the changes that lay ahead.